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.The Guardian is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as The Manchester Guardian, and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers and, the Guardian is part of the, owned by the. The trust was created in 1936 to 'secure the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian in perpetuity and to safeguard the journalistic freedom and liberal values of the Guardian free from commercial or political interference'. The trust was converted into a in 2008, with a constitution written so as to maintain for The Guardian the same protections as were built into the structure of the Scott Trust by its creators.
Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than distributed to owners or.The editor in chief succeeded in 2015. Since 2018, the paper's main newsprint sections have been published in. As of November that year, its print edition had a daily circulation of 136,834. The newspaper has an online edition, as well as two international websites, (founded in 2013) and (founded in 2011). The paper's readership is generally on the mainstream of British political opinion, and its reputation as a platform for and left-wing editorial has led to the use of the ' Guardian reader' and 'Guardianista' as often-pejorative for those of left-leaning or ' tendencies. Frequent in the paper led magazine to dub it the ' Grauniad' in the 1960s, a nickname still used today.In an research poll in September 2018 designed to interrogate the public's trust of specific titles online, The Guardian scored highest for digital-content news, with 84% of readers agreeing that they 'trust what they see in it'. A December 2018 report of a poll by the Publishers Audience Measurement Company (PAMCo) stated that the paper's print edition was found to be the most trusted in the UK in the period from October 2017 to September 2018.
It was also reported to be the most-read of the UK's 'quality newsbrands', including digital editions; other 'quality' brands included, and the. While The Guardian 's print circulation is in decline, the report indicated that news from The Guardian, including that reported online, reaches more than 23 million UK adults each month.Chief among the notable ' obtained by the paper was the 2011 —and in particular the hacking of the murdered English teenager 's phone. The investigation led to the closure of the, the UK's best-selling Sunday newspaper and one of the highest-circulation newspapers in history.
In June 2013, The Guardian broke news of the secret collection by the of telephone records, and subsequently revealed the existence of the surveillance program after knowledge of it was leaked to the paper by the and former contractor. In 2016, The Guardian led an investigation into the, exposing then-Prime Minister 's links to. It has been named 'newspaper of the year' four times at the annual: most recently in 2014, for its reporting on government surveillance. Manchester Guardian Prospectus, 1821The Manchester Guardian was founded in in 1821 by cotton merchant with backing from the, a group of businessmen. They launched their paper after the police closure of the more, a paper that had championed the cause of the protesters. Taylor had been hostile to the radical reformers, writing: 'They have appealed not to the reason but the passions and the suffering of their abused and credulous fellow-countrymen, from whose ill-requited industry they extort for themselves the means of a plentiful and comfortable existence. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they live better than those that do.'
When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the mill-owners' champions had the upper hand.The influential journalist joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, and all of the Little Circle wrote articles for the new paper.The prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would 'zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty warmly advocate the cause of Reform endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, all serviceable measures'. In 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828.The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian 'the foul and dirty of the worst portion of the mill-owners'. The Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labour's claims. Of the 1832 Ten Hours Bill, the paper doubted whether in view of the foreign competition 'the passing of a law positively enacting a gradual destruction of the cotton manufacture in this kingdom would be a much less rational procedure.' The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators: ' if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. They live on strife 'The Manchester Guardian was highly critical of US President 's conduct during the (1861–65), writing on the news that Abraham Lincoln had been assassinated: 'Of his rule, we can never speak except as a series of acts abhorrent to every true notion of constitutional right and human liberty ' C. Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised.
He was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylor's son in 1907. Under Scott, the paper's moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting when the Liberals split in 1886, and opposing the against popular opinion. Scott supported the movement for, but was critical of any tactics by the that involved: 'The really ludicrous position is that is fighting to enfranchise seven million women and the militants are smashing unoffending people's windows and breaking up benevolent societies' meetings in a desperate effort to prevent him.' Scott thought the Suffragettes' 'courage and devotion' was 'worthy of a better cause and saner leadership'. First Gulf War Plaque, Stafford War MemorialBut on the eve of the war, the paper rallied to the war cause: 'The simple cause, at the end, is just. An evil regime in Iraq instituted an evil and brutal invasion.
Our soldiers and airmen are there, at UN behest, to set that evil to rights. Their duties are clear. Let the momentum, and the resolution, be swift.' After the event, journalist conceded that she and her colleagues had been a mouthpiece for war propaganda: '. we, the media, were harnessed like 2,000 beach donkeys and led through the sand to see what the British and US military wanted us to see in this nice clean war'. Alleged penetration by Russian intelligence In 1994, defector identified Guardian literary editor as 'an agent of influence'.
While Gott denied that he received cash, he admitted he had had lunch at the Soviet Embassy and had taken benefits from the KGB on overseas visits. Gott resigned from his post.Gordievsky commented on the newspaper: 'The KGB loved The Guardian. It was deemed highly susceptible to penetration.' Jonathan Aitken In 1995, both the programme and The Guardian were sued for by the then cabinet minister, for their allegation that owner had paid for Aitken and his wife to stay at the in Paris, which would have amounted to accepting a bribe on Aitken's part. Aitken publicly stated that he would fight with 'the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play'.
The court case proceeded, and in 1997 The Guardian produced evidence that Aitken's claim of his wife paying for the hotel stay was untrue. In 1999, Aitken was jailed for. The Connection In May 1998, a series of Guardian investigations exposed the wholesale fabrication of a much-garlanded ITV documentary 'The Connection', produced byThe documentary purported to film an undiscovered route by which heroin was smuggled into the United Kingdom from Colombia. An internal inquiry at Carlton found that The Guardian's allegations were in large part correct and the then industry regulator, the ITC, punished Carlton with a record £2-million fine for multiple breaches of the UK's broadcasting codes. The scandal led to an impassioned debate about the accuracy of documentary production.Later in June 1998, The Guardian revealed further fabrications in another Carlton documentary from the same director. Kosovo War The paper supported 's military intervention in the in 1998–1999. The Guardian stated that 'the only honourable course for Europe and America is to use military force'.
's piece was headlined 'Bombs away! But to save civilians, we must get in some soldiers too.' Since 2000.
The Guardian 's headquarters in.The Guardian 's ownership by the Scott Trust is probably a factor in its being the only British national daily to conduct (since 2003) an annual social, ethical and environmental in which it examines, under the scrutiny of an independent external auditor, its own behaviour as a company. It is also the only British national daily newspaper to employ an internal ombudsman (called the 'readers' editor') to handle complaints and corrections.The Guardian and its parent groups participate in, established by, and intervened in 1995 to save the in South Africa. However, Guardian Media Group sold the majority of its shares of the Mail & Guardian in 2002.
The Guardian was consistently loss-making until 2019. The National Newspaper division of GMG, which also includes The Observer, reported operating losses of £49.9m in 2006, up from £18.6m in 2005. The paper was therefore heavily dependent on cross-subsidisation from profitable companies within the group.The continual losses made by the National Newspaper division of the Guardian Media Group caused it to dispose of its Regional Media division by selling titles to competitor in March 2010. This included the flagship, and severed the historic link between that paper and The Guardian. The sale was in order to safeguard the future of The Guardian newspaper as is the intended purpose of the Scott Trust.In June 2011 Guardian News and Media revealed increased annual losses of £33m and announced that it was looking to focus on its online edition for news coverage, leaving the print edition to contain more comments and features. It was also speculated that The Guardian might become the first British national daily paper to be fully online.For the three years up to June 2012, the paper lost £100,000 a day, which prompted Intelligent Life to question whether The Guardian could survive.Between 2007 and 2014 The Guardian Media Group sold all their side businesses, of regional papers and online portals for classifieds and consolidated, into The Guardian as sole product.
The sales let them acquire a capital stock of £838.3m as of July 2014, supposed to guarantee the independence of The Guardian in perpetuity. In the first year, the paper made more losses than predicted, and in January 2016 the publishers announced, that The Guardian will cut 20 per cent of staff and costs within the next three years. The newspaper is rare in calling for direct contributions 'to deliver the independent journalism the world needs.'
The Guardian Media Group's 2018 annual report (year ending 1 April 2018) indicated some significant changes occurring. Its digital (online) editions accounted for over 50% of group revenues by that time; the loss from news and media operations was £18.6m, 52% lower than during the prior year (2017: £38.9m). The Group had cut costs by £19.1m, partly by switching its print edition to the tabloid format. The Guardian Media Group's owner, the Scott Trust Endowment Fund, reported that its value at the time was £1.01 billion (2017: £1.03bn). 'Membership' subscription scheme In 2014, The Guardian launched a membership scheme.
The scheme aims to reduce the financial losses incurred by The Guardian without introducing a, thus maintaining open access to the website. Website readers can pay a monthly subscription, with three tiers available. As of 2018 this approach was considered successful, having brought more than 1 million subscriptions or donations, with the paper hoping to break even by April 2019. Foundation funding In 2016, the company established a U.S.-based philanthropic arm to raise money from individuals and organizations including think tanks and corporate foundations. The grants are focused by the donors on particular issues. By the following year, the organization had raised $1 million from the likes of ’s Humanity United, the, and the to finance reporting on topics including modern-day slavery and climate change. The Guardian has stated that it has secured $6 million 'in multi-year funding commitments' thus far.The new project developed from funding relationships which the paper already had with the,.
Gates had given the organization $5 million for its Global Development webpage. Political stance and editorial opinion Founded by textile traders and merchants, in its early years The Guardian had a reputation as 'an organ of the middle class', or in the words of C. Scott's son Ted, 'a paper that will remain bourgeois to the last'. Associated at first with the and hence with as expressed by the and later by the, its political orientation underwent a decisive change after, leading to a gradual alignment with and the in general.The describes one of its 'core purposes' to be 'to secure the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian in perpetuity: as a quality national newspaper without party affiliation; remaining faithful to its liberal tradition'. The paper's readership is generally on the mainstream left of British political opinion: a poll taken between April and June 2000 showed that 80 per cent of Guardian readers were Labour Party voters; according to another MORI poll taken in 2005, 48 per cent of Guardian readers were Labour voters and 34 per cent voters. The newspaper's reputation as a platform for opinions has led to the use of the epithets ' Guardian reader' and 'Guardianista' for people holding such views, or as a stereotype of such people as middle class, earnest and.Although the paper is often considered to be 'linked inextricably' to the Labour Party, three of The Guardian 's four leader writers joined the more centrist on its foundation in 1981. The paper was enthusiastic in its support for in his successful bid to lead the Labour Party, and to be elected Prime Minister.
On 19 January 2003, two months before the, an Observer Editorial said: 'Military intervention in the Middle East holds many dangers. But if we want a lasting peace it may be the only option. War with Iraq may yet not come, but, conscious of the potentially terrifying responsibility resting with the British Government, we find ourselves supporting the current commitment to a possible use of force.' But The Guardian opposed the war, along with the and.Then Guardian features editor Ian Katz asserted in 2004 that 'it is no secret we are a centre-left newspaper'. In 2008, Guardian columnist said that editorial contributors were a mix of 'right-of-centre, greens, Blairites, Brownites, Labourite but less enthusiastic Brownites, etc,' and that the newspaper was 'clearly left of centre and vaguely progressive'. She also said that 'you can be absolutely certain that come the next general election, The Guardian 's stance will not be dictated by the editor, still less any foreign proprietor (it helps that there isn't one) but will be the result of vigorous debate within the paper'. The paper's comment and opinion pages, though often written by centre-left contributors such as, have allowed some space for right-of-centre voices such as.
Since an editorial in 2000, The Guardian has favoured abolition of the British monarchy. 'I write for the Guardian,' said Max Hastings in 2005, 'because it is read by the new establishment,' reflecting the paper's then-growing influence.In the run-up to the, following a meeting of the editorial staff, the paper declared its support for the Liberal Democrats, due in particular, to the party's stance on. The paper suggested to prevent a Conservative victory, given Britain's electoral system.
At, the paper switched its support to the. The Guardian 's Newsroom visitor centre and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name The Manchester GuardianThe first edition was published on 5 May 1821, at which time The Guardian was a weekly, published on Saturdays and costing 7; the on newspapers (4d per sheet) forced the price up so high that it was uneconomic to publish more frequently. When the stamp duty was cut in 1836, The Guardian added a Wednesday edition and with the abolition of the tax in 1855 it became a daily paper costing 2d.In October 1952, the paper took the step of printing news on the front page, replacing the adverts that had hitherto filled that space. Then-editor A. Wadsworth wrote: 'It is not a thing I like myself, but it seems to be accepted by all the newspaper pundits that it is preferable to be in fashion.' In 1959, the paper dropped 'Manchester' from its title, becoming simply The Guardian, and in 1964 it moved to London, losing some of its regional agenda but continuing to be heavily subsidised by sales of the more downmarket but more profitable Manchester Evening News. The financial position remained extremely poor into the 1970s; at one time it was in merger talks with The Times.
The paper consolidated its centre-left stance during the 1970s and 1980s. It was both shocked and revitalised by the launch of The Independent in 1986 which competed for a similar readership and provoked the entire broadsheet industry into a fight for circulation.
Front page of The Guardian from 2001, showing the old design of the paper when in broadsheet format. This design was used from 1988 to 2005On 12 February 1988, The Guardian had a significant redesign; as well as improving the quality of its printers' ink, it also changed its masthead to a juxtaposition of an ' The', with a bold 'Guardian', that remained in use until the 2005 redesign.In 1992, The Guardian relaunched its features section as G2, a tabloid-format supplement. This innovation was widely copied by the other 'quality' broadsheets and ultimately led to the rise of 'compact' papers and The Guardian 's move to the.
In 1993 the paper declined to participate in the broadsheet started by 's The Times. In June 1993, The Guardian bought The Observer from, thus gaining a serious with similar political views.Its international weekly edition is now titled The Guardian Weekly, though it retained the title Manchester Guardian Weekly for some years after the home edition had moved to London.
It includes sections from a number of other internationally significant newspapers of a somewhat left-of-centre inclination, including. The Guardian Weekly was also linked to a website for expatriates, Guardian Abroad, which was launched in 2007 but had been taken offline by 2012.Moving to the Berliner paper format. Main article:The Guardian and its Sunday sibling The Observer publish all their news online, with free access both to current news and an archive of three million stories. A third of the site's hits are for items over a month old. As of May 2013, it was the most popular UK newspaper website with 8.2 million unique visitors per month, just ahead of with 7.6 million unique monthly visitors. In April 2011, reported that The Guardian was the fifth most popular newspaper site in the world.
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Journalists use an analytics tool called Ophan, built entire in-house, to measure website data around stories and audience.The Guardian launched an for its content in 2009. An app followed in 2011. In 2018, the newspaper announced its apps and mobile website would be redesigned to coincide with its relaunch as a tabloid.The section features columns by the paper's journalists and regular commentators, as well as articles from guest writers, including readers' comments and responses below. The section includes all the opinion pieces published in the paper itself, as well as many others that only appear online. Censorship is exercised by Moderators who can ban posts – with no right of appeal – by those who they feel have overstepped the mark. The Guardian has taken what they call a very 'open' stance in delivering news, and have launched an open platform for their content. This allows external developers to easily use Guardian content in external applications, and even to feed third-party content back into the Guardian network.
The Guardian also had a number of talkboards that were noted for their mix of political discussion and whimsy until they were closed on Friday, 25 February 2011 after they had settled a libel action brought after months of harassment of a conservative party activist. They were spoofed in The Guardian 's own regular humorous Chatroom column in G2. The spoof column purported to be excerpts from a chatroom on permachat.co.uk, a real URL that pointed to The Guardian 's talkboards.In August 2013, a webshow titled Thinkfluencer was launched by Guardian Multimedia in association with.The paper has also launched a dating website, Soulmates, and is experimenting with new media, having previously offered a free twelve part weekly series. In January 2006, Gervais' show topped the podcast chart having been downloaded by two million listeners worldwide, and was scheduled to be listed in the 2007 as the most downloaded podcast. GuardianFilms In 2003, The Guardian started the film production company GuardianFilms, headed by journalist Maggie O'Kane.
Much of the company's output is documentary made for television– and it has included 's for 's daily flagship, some of which have been shown in compilations by International, Sex On The Streets and Spiked, both made for the UK's television.' GuardianFilms was born in a sleeping bag in the Burmese,' wrote O'Kane in 2003. 'I was a foreign correspondent for the paper, and it had taken me weeks of negotiations, dealing with shady contacts and a lot of walking to reach the cigar-smoking Karen twins– the boy soldiers who were leading attacks against the country's ruling junta. After I had reached them and written a cover story for the newspaper's G2 section, I got a call from the 's documentary department, which was researching a film on child soldiers.
Could I give them all my contacts?' 'The plight of the Karen people, who were forced into slave labour in the rainforest to build pipelines for oil companies (some of them British), was a tale of human suffering that needed to be told by any branch of the media that was interested. I handed over all the names and numbers I had, as well as details of the secret route through to get into. Afterwards– and not for the first time– it seemed to me that we at The Guardian should be using our resources ourselves. Instead of providing contact numbers for any independent TV company prepared to get on the phone to a journalist, we should make our own films.'
According to GuardianFilms's own webpage, its international work has focused on training talented local journalists based on the premise that 'the era of a traditional London or Washington based foreign correspondent or fireman is coming to an end and the world urgently needs a more searching, challenging journalism brought to us by people who speak the language and can secure access far beyond the 'Green Zone Journalist' limits of the traditional correspondent'. It says it is especially focused on reporting the Muslim world in a more challenging manner, and has trained a number of journalists in Iraq, Afghanistan and Zimbabwe.GuardianFilms has received several broadcasting awards. In addition to two Amnesty International Media Awards in 2004 and 2005, The Baghdad Blogger: Salam Pax won a Royal Television Society Award in 2005.
Baghdad: A Doctor's Story won an Emmy Award for Best International Current Affairs film in 2007. In 2008, Inside the Surge won the Royal Television Society award for best international news film – the first time a newspaper has won such an award. The same year, The Guardian 's website was awarded for its outstanding new media output at the One World Media awards.
Again in 2008, GuardianFilms' undercover video report revealing vote rigging by 's party during the 2007 Zimbabwe election won best news programme of the year at the Broadcast Awards. References in popular culture The paper's nickname The Grauniad (sometimes abbreviated as 'Graun') originated with the satirical magazine. This played on The Guardian 's early reputation for frequent, including misspelling its own name as The Gaurdian.The very first issue of the newspaper contained a number of errors, including a notification that there would soon be some goods sold at atction instead of auction.
Fewer typographical errors are seen in the paper since the end of. One Guardian writer, suggested that the high number of observed misprints was due more to the quality of the readership than the misprints' greater frequency. The fact that the newspaper was printed in Manchester until 1961 and the early, more error-prone, prints were sent to London by train may have contributed to this image as well.
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When was appointed news editor by in 1963, he sharpened the paper's comparatively 'amateurish' setup. Awards Received.
This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( June 2018) The Guardian has been awarded the National Newspaper of the Year in 1998, 2005, 2010 and 2013 by the, and Front Page of the Year in 2002 ('A declaration of war', 12 September 2001).
Columnists and journalists. (pseudonym). (as Dulcie Domum). '.Cartoonists.Satirists. as 'Bel Littlejohn'.Experts.Photographers and picture editors. Herbert Walter Doughty ( The Manchester Guardian 's first photographer, July 1908).Guardian News & Media Archive.
This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( March 2016) The Guardian and its sister newspaper The Observer opened The Newsroom, an archive and visitor centre in London, in 2002. The centre preserved and promoted the histories and values of the newspapers through its archive, educational programmes and exhibitions. The Newsroom's activities were all transferred to in 2008. Now known as the Guardian News & Media Archive, the archive preserves and promotes the histories and values of The Guardian and The Observer newspapers by collecting and making accessible material that provides an accurate and comprehensive history of the papers.
The archive holds official records of The Guardian and The Observer and also seeks to acquire material from individuals who have been associated with the papers. As well as corporate records, the archive holds correspondence, diaries, notebooks, original cartoons and photographs belonging to staff of the papers.
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This material may be consulted by members of the public by prior appointment. There is also an extensive Manchester Guardian archive at the 's and there is a collaboration programme between the two archives.
The also has a large archive of The Manchester Guardian, available in online, hard copy, microform, and CD-ROM in their British Library Newspapers collection.In November 2007 The Guardian and The Observer made their archives available over the internet via DigitalArchive. The current extent of the archives available are 1821 to 2000 for The Guardian and 1791 to 2000 for The Observer: these archives will eventually run up to 2003.The Newsroom's other components were also transferred to Kings Place in 2008. The Guardian 's Education Centre provides a range of educational programmes for students and adults. The Guardian 's exhibition space was also moved to Kings Place, and has a rolling programme of exhibitions that investigate and reflect upon aspects of news and newspapers and the role of journalism. This programme often draws on the archive collections held in the GNM Archive.See also.References.